فراگیران محترم:
صداهای قلبی ارائه شده در لینک های زیر از بهترین محتواهای آموزش پزشکی تهیه شده است. توصیه می شود فراگیران محترم حداقل یک مرتبه لینک ها را مرور نمایند.
جهت تهیه فایل تصویری آموزشی صداهای قلب ، به خانم دکتر مستفیضی و آقای مهندس حداد پژوه در مرکز مهارتهای بالینی مراجعه فرمایید.
|
Valve |
Pathology |
Murmur |
Best Site for Auscultation |
Optimal Position |
SAMPLE SOUND |
|
Aortic Valve |
Aortic stenosis |
Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo) |
Right second intercostal space (aortic area) |
Sitting, leaning forward, after exhaling |
|
|
Aortic regurgitation |
Diastolic decrescendo murmur |
Left sternal border (3rd-4th intercostal spaces) |
Sitting, leaning forward, after exhaling |
|
|
|
Mitral Valve |
Mitral stenosis |
Diastolic rumbling murmur with opening snap |
Apex (left 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line) |
Left lateral decubitus |
|
|
Mitral regurgitation |
Holosystolic murmur |
Apex, radiating to axilla |
Left lateral decubitus |
|
|
|
Pulmonary Valve |
Pulmonary stenosis |
Systolic ejection murmur |
Left second intercostal space (pulmonic area) |
Sitting upright |
|
|
Pulmonary regurgitation |
Early diastolic murmur |
Left upper sternal border |
Sitting, leaning forward |
|
|
|
Tricuspid Valve |
Tricuspid stenosis |
Mid-diastolic murmur |
Left lower sternal border |
Deep inspiration |
|
|
Tricuspid regurgitation |
Holosystolic murmur |
Left lower sternal border |
Deep inspiration |
|
|
Congenital Anomaly |
Pathology |
Murmur |
Best Site for Auscultation |
Optimal Position |
SAMPLE SOUND |
|
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) |
Left-to-right shunt across atrial septum |
Systolic ejection murmur + fixed split S2 |
Left upper sternal border (pulmonic area) |
Supine or sitting upright |
|
|
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) |
Left-to-right shunt across ventricular septum |
Harsh holosystolic murmur |
Left lower sternal border |
Supine |
/uploads/278/2025/Mar/04/VSD.mp3
|
|
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) |
Persistent ductus arteriosus |
Continuous "machinery-like" murmur |
Left infraclavicular area |
Supine or sitting upright |
|
|
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) |
Right ventricular outflow obstruction, VSD, overriding aorta, RVH |
Harsh systolic ejection murmur |
Left upper sternal border |
Squatting may reduce murmur intensity |
/uploads/278/2025/Mar/04/TOF sound.mp4
|
|
Coarctation of the Aorta |
Narrowing of aortic arch |
Systolic murmur, often with radiation to the back |
Left infraclavicular area and back |
Sitting, leaning forward |
|
|
Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) |
Parallel circulation with possible VSD or PDA |
No significant murmur unless associated defects present |
Variable, depends on associated defects |
Supine |
|
|
Tricuspid Atresia |
Hypoplastic right ventricle with ASD/VSD |
Holosystolic murmur (if VSD present) |
Left lower sternal border |
Supine |
|
|
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR) |
Pulmonary veins drain into right atrium |
Systolic ejection murmur |
Left upper sternal border |
Supine |
|
|
Ebstein's Anomaly |
Apical displacement of tricuspid valve |
Holosystolic murmur of tricuspid regurgitation |
Left lower sternal border |
Supine, intensified with deep inspiration |
|
